本書為周一良先生的佛教研究成果，分唐代密宗和佛學論文選兩部分，收錄相關論文20余篇，所收論文均按《周一良簡歷及著述年表》，基本依照寫作時間的先後為序，以見學術之風尚。
唐代密宗
導論
1．早期中國佛教中的密宗
2．贊寧及其材料來源
唐洛京聖善寺善無畏傳注
唐洛陽廣福寺金剛智傳注
唐京兆大興善寺不空傳注
附錄二十則
譯後記
佛學論文選
宋高僧傳善無畏傳中的幾個問題
中國的梵文研究
佛家史觀中之隋煬帝
讀唐代俗講考
跋隋開皇寫本禪數雜事殘卷
……
附記
這是一篇哈佛的博士論文頁1-120
附錄20篇更有意思 譬如說 還說到茶 日榮西和尚引入
京都、島原で茶屋と置屋を兼ねる輪違屋（わちがいや）
A tea house or tearoom is a venue centered on drinking tea. Its function varies widely depending on the culture, and some cultures have a variety of distinct tea-centered houses or parlors that all qualify under the English language term "tea house" or "tea room."
Contents[hide] |
In Central Asia this term could refer to Shayhana in Kazakh, Chaykhana in Kyrgyz and Chayhona in Uzbek which literally means a tea room.
In China, a tea house (茶館, "cháguăn" or 茶屋, "cháwū") is traditionally quite similar to the American "cafe", albeit centered around tea rather than coffee. People gather at tea houses to chat, socialize, and enjoy tea. Young people often meet at tea houses for dates. Especially, the Guangdong (Cantonese) style teahouses are very famous abroad, such as in New York, San Francisco, etc. These tea houses not only serve tea, but also dim sum (點心), people can eat different kinds of food when they drink tea. People call these kinds of tea houses “茶樓, chálou”.
In Japanese tradition a tea house can refer to a structure designed for holding Japanese tea ceremonies. This structure and specifically the room in it where the tea ceremony takes place is called chashitsu (茶室). The architectural space called chashitsu was created for aesthetic and intellectual fulfillment.
In Japan a tea house can also refer to a place of entertainment with geisha. These kinds of tea houses, called ochaya (お茶屋), are typically very exclusive establishments. The most notable ochaya is the Ichiriki Ochaya.
There are many tea houses in Tajikistan. The largest tea-houses are Orient Tea house or Chinese Tea house, Orom Tea house in (Isfara) town. On the 15th anniversary of Independence in Tajikistan, the people of Isfara town presented Isfara Tea house to Kulyab city for its 2700th anniversary on September 2006. Dushanbe, Tajik capital city also presented a tea-house to its sister city Boulder[1].
In Egypt, coffee houses are called 'ahwa' and combine serving coffee as well as tea and tisanes. Tea is called "shai", and coffee is also called "ahwa". Finally, tisanes as karkade is also highly popular.[1]
In Germany, tea house (also called Teehaus) was famous during the Third Reich era where the German Dictator Adolf Hitler used to have his daily walk and tea at a Teehaus on Mooslahnerkopf hill near his residence Berghof, in the Bavarian Alps. Hitler's tea house was a cylindrical structure built in the woods where Hitler, his close friends, party colleagues and secretaries used to have their daily afternoon walk followed by tea. It seems having a separate tea house was a culture in many countries in Europe.
Latvia is located at the crossroads of trade routes between Western and Eastern Europe. This strongly influenced the culture of the country. Tea came here both from the East and West. One example of mixed tea is a new type of tea room - Club tea culture. For example - a tea club Goija
Tea drinking is a pastime closely associated with the English.[2] Tea first arrived in England during Cromwell's protectorate and soon became the national drink. Tea drinking became a national pastime for the English. As early as 1784, Rochefoucauld noted that "[t]hroughout the whole of England the drinking of tea is general". Nevertheless, Anna Russell, Duchess of Bedford, was credited with the invention of afternoon tea in 1840.[3] It spread to other parts of English society by 1864, when the female manager of London's Aerated Bread Company is attributed with innovating the first commercial public tearoom.[4]
Thomas Twining opened the first known tea room in 1706, which remains at 216 Strand, London today. In 1787, the company created its logo, still in use today, which is thought to be the world's oldest commercial logo that has been in continuous use since its inception.[5] Under Associated British Foods since 1964, Stephen Twining now represents the company's ten generations. In 2006, Twinings celebrated its 300th anniversary with a special tea and associated tea caddies. Twining's is a Royal Warrant holder (appointed by HM The Queen).
There is a long tradition of tea rooms within London hotels, for example, Browns hotel which has been serving tea in its tea room for over 170 years.[6]
In the U.K., Canada and the U.S., a tearoom is a small room or restaurant where beverages and light meals are served, often catering chiefly to women and having a sedate or subdued atmosphere. A customer might expect to receive cream tea or Devonshire tea, often served from a china set, and a scone with jam and clotted cream – alternatively a High tea may be served. In Scotland teas are usually served with a variety of scones, pancakes, (Scottish) crumpets and other cakes.
The popularity of the tearoom rose as an alternative to the pub during the temperance movement in the 1830s. The form developed in the late 19th century, as Catherine Cranston opened the first of what became a chain of Miss Cranston's Tea Rooms in Glasgow, Scotland, and similar establishments became popular throughout Scotland. In the 1880s, fine hotels in both the United States and England began to offer tea service in tea rooms and tea courts, and by 1910 they had begun to host afternoon tea dances as dance crazes swept both the U.S. and the UK. Tea rooms of all kinds were widespread in Britain by the 1950s, but in the following decades cafés became more fashionable, and tea rooms became less common.
In a related usage, a tearoom may be a room set aside in a workplace for workers to relax and (specifically) take refreshment during work-breaks. Traditionally a staff member serving food and beverages in such a tearoom would have been called a tea lady.
Around the world, the term "tea house" or "tea room" may be used to refer to a restaurant or Salon de Thé. They are also present in the Middle East, notably in Iran and Turkey. Such tea-houses may be referred to as "Chaee-Khaneh", or in Turkish, "çayhane" - literally, the 'house of tea'. These tea houses usually serve several beverages, (tea, coffee), and some serve Hookah. Notable institutions include New York's venerable Russian Tea Room, and Glasgow's Willow Tearooms and Tchai-Ovna. "Tea house" may also be used synonymously (or confused) with "tea room", a gay slang term referring to a venue where public sex occurs.[7]
臺灣開港後，英商德記洋行來臺設立據點，並從事茶葉貿易，將臺灣茶葉行銷至海外。〈1860年代德記洋行的台灣烏龍茶廣告商標〉，臺南：國立臺灣歷史博物館。圖片提供者：國立臺灣歷史博物館，網站名稱：國立臺灣歷史博物館。
由於開放通商口岸，John Dodd（陶德）引入了 茶的大量栽培，使茶成為晚清臺灣最重要的輸出品之一，樟腦用在膠片、藥品，其出產成為臺灣最重要，而被列強（尤其是英國）覬覦的產品，清廷不得不專賣來維 護自家的權利，卻又被迫放棄專賣；臺灣的煤成為各國火輪（汽船）爭相謀取的對象，尤以英、美兩國為最。除了對外貿易的茶、樟腦，加上傳統的糖，成為外銷的 重要商品外，鴉片卻做為相對的輸入品流入，影響了臺灣經濟，更重要的是影響了臺人的健康。有學者認為鴉片的輸入已抵消了臺灣三大輸出品所得的利潤；也有學 者認為清末臺人的收入在最後的50年，增加了3.27倍，使臺灣人可以享受富裕的生活，在穿著上，臺灣人尚華奢，染業發達，臺南雲錦號的織工聞名遐邇，連光緒大婚的某些織物也向臺灣採購，頗獲好評。
由開港到割讓：晚清台灣的社經變化（1858~1895） | |
|
“奇石”十種的石頭固然可觀，不過，石頭左右上下那些雜花細草，绺绺的翠玉，點點的墨綠，還有杏紅飄忽其間，實在更耐看。至于“隱逸”十種裏那些人物，最生動的，還是“黃石公”、“陸羽”、“披裘公”。
那幅黃石公的題詩是：“千載傳黃石，嘉名意隱藏”。陸羽身旁不免還有炭爐茶壺蒲扇，詩曰：“味水情何談，居塵意不同”，著久了，仿佛聞到陣陣茶香……
“披裘公”布衣褴褛，背著一束柴，地上有一枚元寶，“日爲負薪老，甯是取金人”，其情可憫。
| 農林水産省は、「茶業及びお茶の文化の振興に関する基本方針案」について、広く国民の皆様から意見・情報を募集するため、平成24年2月10日(金曜日)から3月10日(日曜日)までの間、パブリックコメントを実施いたします。 |
農林水産大臣は、お茶の振興に関する法律 (平成23年法律第21号)第2条第1項において、茶業及びお茶の文化の振興に関する基本方針(以下「基本方針」と言います。)を定めることとされていま す。基本方針は、茶業及びお茶の文化の振興の意義及び基本的な方向等に関する事項を定めるものとなります。
今般、基本方針案について、広く国民の皆様から意見・情報を募集します。なお、農林水産省では、ご提出いただいた意見・情報を考慮した上で、基本方針の策定を行うこととしております。
電子政府の総合窓口(e-Gov)に掲載しています。以下のURLからご覧ください。
http://search.e-gov.go.jp/servlet/Public?CLASSNAME=PCMMSTDETAIL&id=550001502&Mode=0
また、農林水産省 生産局 農産部 地域作物課(南別館ドアNO.215)においても配布しています。
次の(ア)から(ウ)までのいずれかの方法で意見・情報をご提出ください。
(ア)インターネットによる提出
以下のアドレス（電子政府の窓口(e-Gov))から提出することができます。
http://search.e-gov.go.jp/servlet/Public?CLASSNAME=PCMMSTDETAIL&id=550001502&Mode=0
(イ)郵便による提出
送付先:〒100-8950 東京都千代田区霞が関1-2-1
農林水産省 生産局 農産部 地域作物課 お茶担当者宛て
(ウ)FAXによる提出
送付先:03-3502-4133
平成24年2月10日(金曜日)～3月10日(日曜日) (郵送の場合、当日消印有効)
Cannot play media. You do not have the correct version of the flash player. Download the correct version
Rajini Vaidyanathan and Shilpa Kannan on whether the growing popularity of coffee in India will take over the love for traditional tea
Starbucks has announced it is to open its first outlet in India by the end of the year, marking the international chain's first venture into the country. India has been a nation of tea drinkers for centuries, but in the past decade coffee has been on the rise. Is the chai losing out to the cappuccino?
At a small stand next to a photocopying shop, Ram Shankar Patidar is heating milk on a single gas stove. The focus of his attention is a stainless steel container, which is bubbling and rattling as he adds tea leaves, water, spices, and freshly crushed ginger.
Patidar has been making and selling Indian tea, better known as chai, for more than 40 years.
He has occupied the same spot in a busy suburban business district in Mumbai for more than a decade, but for the past eight weeks there's been a new addition to the street.
Directly opposite his stand is a branch of India's largest coffee chain, Cafe Coffee Day, abbreviated by many to CCD.
"They don't make much of a difference to me," he says as he ladles the mixture through muslin into a small glass. "Those who can afford to go to CCD would anyway. It's much more expensive than what I sell."
For centuries, the humble chai wallah has been part of the country's fabric, but in the past decade, the makeshift roadside stalls have begun facing competition from Western-style coffee chains.
The first Cafe Coffee Day opened in 1996, marking the beginning of a change in Indian tastes and habits. The CCD chain is now opening a branch almost every week, and has more than 1,200 stores across India. It's been joined by other chains, including Barista Lavazza and Costa Coffee.
Like their Western counterparts, India's coffee shops serve a range of coffees from mochas to lattes, iced coffees to espressos. But their appeal is greater than their beverages.
"I go to coffee shops just to hang out," says Zain Waris, a student in Mumbai. "In India, we don't have many places to hang out, and these chains don't have any objections to us spending hours and hours sitting there."
India's coffee culture has changed the way young Indians socialise.
In a country where there is a limited bar culture, and where drinking alcohol is still frowned upon in many circles, it has provided an acceptable and safe outlet for people, particularly young Indians, to share a drink.
It is common to see large groups of teenagers congregating at coffee shops later into the evening. Some branches provide guitars for jam sessions.
It has also helped facilitate the country's growing dating culture - having a girlfriend or boyfriend at a young age is frowned upon by many, so secret trysts at a coffee shop have become the norm for many young Indians, and serve as a suitable bolthole away from the prying eyes of parents.
For 22-year-old graduate Ronak Mehta it's the perfect place to discuss college work. "It's much better than sitting on a bench, where you'd drink tea," he says.
With more than half of the country's population under 25, and a rising middle-class that is well aware of Western trends, there's little wonder Indian coffee consumption has doubled in the past 15 years since the first cafes were opened.
Dashrat Rathod (right): People like me just drink up and go "Earlier you had generally had coffee at home or the office. These new businesses have made the cafe culture more accessible, thus attracting a young crowd who could hang out in a relaxed atmosphere," says Anil Dharker, a leading columnist and social commentator in India.
Even before the coffee chain revolution, coffee had a strong presence in South Indian homes. Typical South Indian coffee, or kapi, is a made with boiled milk and plenty of sugar, and is served in stainless steel tumblers. Many families drink more kapi than tea.
"We used to have coffee at home every morning," says Dashrat Rathod, an engineer from Karnataka. "I've never been to a coffee shop, people like me don't have the time to spend there, we drink up and go."
Rathod might have a taste for coffee but isn't prepared to pay for a serving in a new style coffee shop. The price of tea or coffee from a roadside stand is usually in the order of five rupees (about 10 US cents, or 6p), compared with around 80 rupees ($1.60, £1) upwards for a cappuccino or equivalent. This price barrier makes the coffee shop culture mainly a preserve of the upper middle classes in India.
The entrance of Starbucks, an American chain, into the Indian coffee market follows other international coffee brands such as Costa, Gloria Jeans, and Lavazza which has bought into Indian chain Barista. Like other Western brands, these tend to be seen as aspirational to many young Indians, says Anil Dharker.
Cafe Coffee Day or CCD began the coffee invasion in 1996 Even so, he says, Starbucks and others may have to work to accommodate Indian tastes.
"What actually happens is that a foreign player sees a commercial opportunity and enters a new market. And then adapts. This is particularly so of the Indian market. Just take a look at McDonalds, it's a completely different entity here," says Dharker.
Starbucks globally does already serve it's own brand of "Indian" tea, the chai tea latte, but it's a world away from the unique taste of authentic Indian chai. It remains to be seen whether this will be an offering in the Indian stores.
But despite the coffee invasion, tea remains popular, with consumption rising from 562,000 tonnes annually to 837,000 tonnes in the last 15 years.
"More people are drinking tea because they like it, and because the population is rising," says Surjit Patra from the Indian Tea Association.
The average Indian drinks now around 250 cups of tea per year. This is quite a low figure by international standards - in Ireland, for example, the average citizen drinks 1,000 cups per year - suggesting there could be room for further expansion.
"We have found lots of health benefits in tea," Mr Patra says, unsurprisingly extolling the virtues of the drink he promotes. "There's no other beverage like it. Not even coffee."
Additional reporting by Aarti Thobhani.
Nespresso capsules for its single-serve espresso machine.
SOMETIMES it’s hard to tell how much coffee costs, even if you know what you spent. At least that’s the case with many of the single-serve brewing machines that are soaring in popularity.
For example, the Nespresso Arpeggio costs $5.70 for 10 espresso capsules, while the Folgers Black Silk blend for a K-Cup brewed-coffee machine is $10.69 for 12 pods. But that Nespresso capsule contains 5 grams of coffee, so it costs about $51 a pound. And the Folgers, with 8 grams per capsule, works out to more than $50 a pound.
That’s even more expensive than all but the priciest coffees sold by artisanal roasters, the stuff of coffee snobs.
An exclusive single-origin espresso like the Ethiopia, Gedeo Single Origin Espresso from Sightglass Coffee costs $19 for a 12-ounce bag, or about $25 a pound. La Cima beans for brewed coffee from Stumptown Coffee Roasters, a Grand Cru selection grown at Finca el Injerto, a renowned farm in Guatemala, is $28.50 for a 12-ounce bag, or $38 a pound.
In fact, most high-end coffees cost less than $20 a pound, and the coffees you find on supermarket shelves are substantially cheaper. A bag of Dark Espresso Roast beans at Starbucks is $12.95 a pound, and a bag of Eight O’Clock beans for brewed coffee at the Food Emporium is $10.72 a pound.
How much of that coffee goes into a cup varies according to who (or what) controls the machine. For instance, a Lavazza Gran Crema espresso capsule has 7 grams of coffee, the standard for most chain coffee stores. But independent coffee shops regularly pack 14 to 22 grams into an espresso shot.
When it comes to single-serve systems, you’re not just paying for coffee, you’re paying for convenience and the technology that makes it possible to brew a single cup in seconds. Pop in the pod, push the button: it’s a sure thing every time. Supermarkets and specialty stores are filled with items that make it easier on you, and it’s up to the shopper to determine if it’s worth it.
Some decisions are easy (rendered pork fat, fresh pasta); others are a toss-up depending on who’s in the kitchen (chicken stock, salad dressing). Where single-serve coffee falls on that spectrum depends on whether you regard coffee as something you make or something you drink.
“Americans under the age of 40 are thinking about coffee pricing in cups,” said Ric Rhinehart, executive director of the Specialty Coffee Association of America. “If you asked my mother how much coffee cost, she would have told you that the red can was $5.25 a pound and the blue can was $4.25. If you ask people in their 20s and 30s, they’ll say coffee is $1.75 to $3.75 a cup.”
This generational shift helps explain why single-serve coffee is the fastest-growing sector of the home market. According to a study from the National Coffee Association, single-serve coffee is now the second most popular method of preparation after conventional drip brewers, by far the dominant method. In 2011, 7 percent of the cups of coffee consumed in the United States were made with a single-serve brewer, up from 4 percent in 2010.
The premium that single-serve coffee commands makes it especially lucrative. Julian Liew, a spokesman for Nespresso, said single-serve coffee is 8 percent of the global market, but accounts for 25 percent of its value. It’s likely that the number will continue to climb.
According to Keurig, 4 million of the company’s K-Cup brewers, for regular drip coffee, were sold in the 13-week run-up to Christmas 2011. During that same period, Green Mountain Coffee Roasters sold more than $715 million in K-Cup packs. The pods and brewers are now front and center at stores like Bed Bath & Beyond and Staples. Keurig licenses its technology to other companies, and last year, Dunkin’ Donuts and Starbucks started making K-Cup pods. Keurig even sells a refillable filter that you can pack with your own coffee.
Nespresso has sold more than 27 billion capsules worldwide since it was introduced in 1986. Later this year Ethical Coffee Company plans to sell Nespresso-compatible capsules for around 20 percent less on Amazon.com. So the United States might see something novel for single-serve coffee: a price war.
