2013年1月26日 星期六

Having Your Coffee and Enjoying It Too/Learning to Create the Perfect Cup of Coffee

 

 

美食與美酒

做一杯完美咖啡?竅門很多

Jim Wilson/The New York Times
特里斯坦·瓦拉赫,人稱「蟻子」,在舊金山教人們怎樣做咖啡。

舊金山
特里斯坦·瓦拉赫(Tristan Walach)的脖子上有一道文身,是拉斯維加斯那個著名的歡迎標誌。人們一般叫他“蟻子”(Ant)。他是專業教人做咖啡的。
而我是來向他學習的。
“像你這樣的人是最好訓練的,”他打量了我一下說,“你沒有不良嗜好,也沒什麼先入為主的觀念。你是一張白紙。”
我們在舊金山鬧市區附近的“透視鏡”咖啡廳,正門旁邊有個巨大的咖啡烘焙機。不過蟻子和我是躲在了樓上,一條鏈子把我們隔絕開來,上面掛着告示牌:“培訓進行中”。
這樣的培訓中心現在越來越普遍,不止在咖啡廳里有,還有一些咖啡店員證書的培訓課程,甚至還有“沖一杯訓練營”,是一個四天三夜的活動。另外還有越來越多地區性和全國性的“挑戰賽”,尋找技術最純熟、風格最優雅並且能製作最美味咖啡的師傅。
我對這些算是有點懷疑嗎?好吧,沖咖啡,就算是特濃咖啡,也就基本上是在咖啡豆上加水和攪水,有時候就是撥個開關或者按個鈕。來吧,蟻子兄,儘管吊高我的胃口,說服我花三天去上個類似“沖麥片訓練營”的課程吧。
還有,哼,我可不完全是張白紙。沒有受過訓練,我也能每天早上弄出一杯像模像樣的拿鐵。而且我還跟我老婆吹噓說,我只用一個100美元的咖啡機和本地隨便一家咖啡店的咖啡豆,做出來也比星巴克的好。
“沖咖啡能有多難?這是我們一直在面對的一種態度,”美國精品咖啡協會(Specialty Coffee Association of America)專業發展部總監艾莉·馬圖斯扎克(Ellie Matuszak)說。該協會是一個有數千名成員的行業組織,旗下還有一個日漸壯大的咖啡師協會,擁有1200名成員。
34歲的蟻子的頭銜是培訓總監,他說沖咖啡需要有靈巧的手藝。“這是我們所消費的飲品中最複雜的一種。”他說。
“透視鏡”的培訓中心有一個櫃檯,上面有好幾個研磨機、一台專業水準的高質量特濃咖啡機、一個秤、咖啡搗錘和其他各種行頭。在一塊原色回收木材上,是十隻沒有把手的杯子,分成五對,每一隻都盛着半滿的淺褐色咖啡豆。
不過首先,我們要看蟻子做幻燈片展示,關於最好的咖啡豆產自哪裡,還有它是如何挑選的。有一段幻燈片的標題是“發源地的故事”(Origin Myth)。那是一個埃塞俄比亞牧羊人發現了咖啡繼而將之推廣的民間故事。
然後是學習杯測。
我們要聞一下這些白色杯子里的東西——來自肯雅、哥斯達黎加、埃塞俄比亞、薩爾瓦多和危地馬拉的咖啡豆。我聞不出太大的區別。
然後蟻子開始教我用“La Marzocco Linea” 全自動咖啡機,這是一款價值在8000到10000美元之間的特濃咖啡機(真正昂貴的“La Marzocco Strada”和“Slayer”變壓萃取機在樓下,供真正的咖啡師使用)。在它左邊是一台1500美元的“Mazzer Major”磨豆機,上面有個按鍵。我的工作是按一下那個鍵,準確配出19.5克的咖啡粉到過濾器中。
我需要稍微篩一下這些咖啡粉,將它搖平,然後用搗錘搗實。蟻子向我示範怎樣才能產生35磅左右的壓力,要產生這個重量上下的力度,我需要雙膝彎曲借力,擠壓搗錘,直到感覺到咖啡粉有反彈力。
蟻子說,這一步驟是至關重要的,否則水分滲入咖啡粉的時候就會不均勻,產生多餘的縫隙。我按下另一個按扭,讓水分滲進咖啡粉。我們調了計時器,確保讓水分滲透的時間是25秒。褐黃色的特濃咖啡流進小咖啡杯,蟻子管它叫“試杯”。
蟻子呷了一口。“也不是特別難喝。”
我也呷了一口。事實上,它真的特別難喝,又酸又苦。蟻子用同樣的步驟做了一杯,卻飄出淡淡甜香,接近花香,沒有多餘的味道。我又做了一杯,還是和我的第一杯一樣糟糕。或許我需要加點奶。
蟻子開始講解怎樣打奶泡。簡單來說:把蒸汽噴嘴放到剛好在奶面以下,直到牛奶在吸收蒸汽後開始打小漩渦,然後把噴嘴再往深里放一點,直到溫度計上顯示的牛奶溫度達到135度。牛奶的溫度有一個最佳的契合點,在這個點上,糖分可以煮化,卻不至於煮焦,讓牛奶更甜。
我嘗試了幾次,弄出的是水一樣的稀奶,把它倒在苦味的咖啡上。最後,我總算把牛奶的濃度搞對了,就像濕油漆一樣。我試着在上面畫點拿鐵圖案,畫出來像兩條交配中的變形蟲。
蟻子語重心長地說道:“一個好咖啡師和一個偉大咖啡師的區別,是偉大的咖啡師敢於倒掉一杯咖啡。”於是我們把我那杯變形蟲倒進了水槽。
我還有第二次機會。我告訴蟻子,我準備在“神韻”跟克里斯·巴卡(Chris Baca)再學學,那是聖克魯斯的一家烘焙工場兼咖啡廳。他眼睛一下就亮了。“他棒極了!我跟他一起培訓過。”他說。
不過首先,我第二天早晨在家裡試着把之前學的那點東西先實踐了一下。我倒掉了頭三杯,有些東西搞錯了。之前那天我還能弄出美味的特濃咖啡,我其實還退步了。
32歲的巴卡曾打算當一名中學歷史教師。不過他大學時退學了,在莫德斯托的一家咖啡廳找了份工作。他漸漸愛上了咖啡,並且搬到舊金山為一家叫“典 禮”(Ritual)的時髦咖啡廳工作,然後在2006年開始參加比賽。2010年,他在美國咖啡師錦標賽(United States Barista Championship)的50名參賽者中奪得第二名。在自由自選項目中,他做了一杯以櫻桃加柑橘做配頭的英式奶油特濃咖啡。
“我知道,這一切看着像《人狗對對碰》(Best in Show),”“神韻”咖啡廳的老闆賴恩·奧多諾萬(Ryan O’Donovan)說起一部關於狗展表演的假紀錄片電影,“它顯得很荒謬,我們在試着讓它不那麼荒謬。”
巴卡在“神韻”做培訓總監,這裡辟出1500平方英尺的地方用作培訓基地。這是這家咖啡廳所認為的咖啡運動“第三波”的一部分——第一波是營火咖啡 (campfire coffee)和滴濾咖啡(drip coffee),第二波是星巴克的革命,然後便掀起了認識咖啡豐富性的風氣。奧多諾萬說,培訓是“我們工作的核心”。
我向巴卡展示了我之前學到的。他說我做的第一杯有點干。他真厚道。
巴卡讓我把我平常喝的品牌咖啡豆帶過來,並且用它來做一杯。結果並不好喝。這是第一課:咖啡豆很重要。包裝上寫着“公平貿易”(fair trade)或者“原產地烘焙”(locally roasted)並不等於挑選出了上好的咖啡豆並且經過細緻的烘焙。我們把我那包13美元一磅的咖啡豆扔進了垃圾桶。然後巴卡開始上數學課。
好的特濃咖啡,或者說任何好咖啡,精髓就在於三個數據:高品質干咖啡豆的使用量,水分滲透的時間和最終做出來的咖啡量。當這三者的比例恰當的時候, 這個加工過程就能帶出最好的風味。如果錯了,香味要麼帶不出來,要麼就被沖淡了。我漸漸明白,在秒數和克數上的錯誤,就是美味和糟糕的咖啡之間的區別。
巴卡解釋說,你得試驗,才能為具體某台咖啡機和某種研磨粉找到這三個元素之間恰好到處的平衡點,然後便可以依樣畫葫蘆。他測試過“透視鏡”的機器,並且確定我們要用17克的頂級咖啡豆,然後過水25秒,做出30克左右的咖啡。
這看起來也很簡單,因為研磨機已經設好能磨出我想要的克數,而且我還能用秤來確認。我要做的只是按鍵。我做的第一杯味道還是不對,不過巴卡說我的第二杯“清新又飽滿”。
他向我示範怎樣用奶泡畫畫:把細頸瓶放在離杯麵6英寸高的位置,均勻倒出中等流量的咖啡,等杯子半滿的時候,讓瓶口緩緩靠近杯子。當杯子快要滿的時 候,再快速扭動你的手,讓泡沫開出形狀,最後輕輕揮動一下,在牛奶的圖案中間劃一道線。在試了幾次之後,我能夠做出某種看着像是松樹的東西,雖然我本想畫 的是心形。
太好了,我有進步。不過這沒有實踐意義。我買的咖啡是預先磨好的,並且我也沒有秤。
“一個10美元的秤是你玩咖啡時最值得的投資,”巴卡說。他還說,因為咖啡豆的密度和份量至關重要,所以不用多久我就會再需要一個研磨機。有些專家說,新鮮研磨的咖啡粉是最重要的一個元素。
而事實是:我家裡早晨一般都很忙亂,一家人吵吵鬧鬧,而我得在這種環境下做咖啡。奧多諾萬被逗樂了。他說,怎麼可能在早上做特濃咖啡呢?拿鐵就更不用想了。
“我會做滴濾咖啡,”奧多諾萬解釋說。巴卡也一樣。這是因為做一杯好的特濃咖啡需要精心準備並且事後要清理。即使一切順利,也還是要花點時間,就像做一頓好飯菜一樣。
“咖啡不僅僅是咖啡。”奧多諾萬說。
它“就像所有東西一樣”,巴卡附和道。
我立刻就明白了他的意思:咖啡——這種我認為是一天開始時簡單的必須品——比幾顆豆和水要複雜得多。它或許不需要執照,但它所需要付出的心思確實比我想像的要多。
我的培訓課程結束時,奧多諾萬丟過來一個大笑,警告我說:“你正在走向一個無底洞。”
之後那天,我開始在微波爐上面放上計時器,來確定用25秒的時間煮我的特濃咖啡。我在網上搜索,和別人討論接下來應該用什麼樣的咖啡機。不過即使是用我的舊機器和一些在“透視鏡”剩下來的咖啡豆,我煮出來的咖啡也明顯進步了,有時候味道還挺不錯。
我從“神韻”咖啡廳下了訂單買咖啡豆。當兩包不同烘焙品種的咖啡到貨時,我露出了興奮的神情,妻子翻了一下白眼。她懷疑我能不能分辨出這些新咖啡豆和另外兩種我曾經湊合著喝的咖啡之間的區別。於是我們來了個蒙眼測試。
我贏了。我妻子似乎很吃驚:這個鼻子這麼靈的人是誰?我跟她說,這才剛開始呢,一會兒你得看看我們還能用牛奶做什麼。
本文最初發表於2013年1月2日。
翻譯:邵智傑

 

Learning to Create the Perfect Cup of Coffee


TRISTAN WALACH has a tattoo of the famous Las Vegas welcome sign on his neck. He goes by the name Ant. He teaches people how to make coffee, professionally.I have come to learn from him.
“People like you are the best to train,” he says, sizing me up. “You don’t have bad habits or preconceived notions. You’re a blank slate.”
We’re at Sightglass, a cafe near downtown San Francisco with a huge coffee roaster near the front door. But Ant and I are tucked away upstairs, cordoned behind a chain and a sign: “Training in Session.”
Such training centers are increasingly common, and not just at cafes: there are certification classes for baristas and even Camp Pull A-Shot, a four-day, three-night event. And there are also a growing number of regional and national “throwdowns” to find the most technically proficient, graceful makers of the best-tasting coffee drinks.
Am I skeptical? Well, making coffee, even espresso, roughly entails pouring or pushing water through coffee. Sometimes by flicking a switch or pushing a button. Sure, Ant, you can up my coffee game, and then I’ll spend three days at Camp Let’s Make Oatmeal.
And, hey, I’m not precisely a blank slate. Without any training, I brew a very solid morning latte. And it’s superior to Starbucks, I brag to my wife, using only a $100 espresso maker and beans from a local cafe.
“How hard can coffee be? It’s an attitude we’re constantly encountering,” noted Ellie Matuszak, director of professional development for the Specialty Coffee Association of America, a trade group with thousands of company members and 1,200 people in its growing Barista Guild.
Ant, 34, whose title is director of education, says coffee requires a deft touch. “It’s the most complicated beverage we consume,” he said.
The training center at Sightglass includes a counter with several grinders, an industrial-strength espresso machine, a scale, coffee tampers and other paraphernalia. On a nearby island of reclaimed blond wood are 10 handleless cups, organized in five pairs, each half full of light-brown beans.
But first, we are going to watch Ant’s PowerPoint presentation about where the best beans come from and how they are picked. There is also a slide titled “The Origin Myth.” It’s folklore, a big-bang theory of the discovery of coffee by a goat herder in Ethiopia.
Then it’s time to commence cupping.
This entails smelling the contents of the white cups — beans from Kenya, Costa Rica, Ethiopia, El Salvador and Guatemala. I cannot detect much difference.
Ant then introduces me to the La Marzocco Linea, an espresso maker that runs $8,000 to $10,000. (The really expensive machines, the La Marzocco Strada and the Slayer, are downstairs for the actual baristas.) To its left is a $1,500 Mazzer Major grinder. On top is a button. My job is to push that button, dispensing precisely 19.5 grams of coffee into the filter.
I’m supposed to give the coffee a little sift to even it out, then pack it down with the tamper. Ant shows me how to create about 35 pounds of pressure, a give-or-take amount achieved by bending my knees for leverage and pushing on the tamper until the coffee pushes back.
This step is crucial, Ant says, because otherwise water flows unevenly through the coffee, creating unwanted channels. I press another button, to run the water through the coffee. We press a timer to make sure I leave the water flowing for 25 seconds. Brown and tan espresso flows into the demitasse, which Ant calls the “vessel.”
Ant sips. “It’s not terribly offensive.”
I sip. It is, actually, terribly offensive. Sour and bitter. Ant makes a cup using the same steps. It has a hint of sweetness, just shy of floral, no aftertaste. I make another. Just as bad as my first. Maybe I need milk.
Ant explains how to steam the milk. In brief: position the steam wand just below the milk’s surface until the milk swirls in a circular motion and puffs up as it absorbs the steam, then drop the wand lower until the milk reaches 135 degrees, as verified by a thermometer. There’s a sweet spot between milk and temperature, the point at which the sugars cook and the milk becomes sweeter, but before the sugars burn.
I try a few times. I make water-thin milk, poured over bitter shots. Finally, I get the milk consistency right, like wet paint. I try a little latte art. It looks like mating amoebas.
Ant offers wisdom: “The difference between a good barista and a great one is the great barista has the courage to toss a shot.” We toss my amoebas in the sink.
I have a second chance coming. I tell Ant that I’m getting more training with Chris Baca at Verve, a cafe and roaster in Santa Cruz. His eyes light up. “He’s great! I trained with him,” he says.
But first, I try to put some of my training to work at home the next morning. I throw out the first three shots. Something is wrong. I was making excellent espresso just the day before. I have actually gotten worse.
MR. BACA, 32, planned to be a high school history teacher. But he dropped out of college and took a job at a cafe in Modesto. He developed a love affair with coffee, moved to San Francisco to work for a trendy cafe called Ritual, then started competing in 2006. In 2010, he finished second out of 50 competitors in the United States Barista Championship. In the freestyle competition, he made a crème anglaise espresso drink, cherry infused with a citrus garnish.
“I know, this all seems like ‘Best in Show,’ ” says Ryan O’Donovan, an owner of Verve, referring to the faux documentary about dog shows. “It seems ridiculous. We’re trying to make it less ridiculous.”
Verve, where Mr. Baca is director of education, devotes 1,500 square feet to training. It’s part of what the cafe considers the “third wave” of the coffee movement — the first being campfire and drip coffee, the second the Starbucks revolution and the next understanding and evoking the complexity of coffee. Training, Mr. O’Donovan says, “is the nucleus of what we do.”
I show Mr. Baca what I’ve learned. He calls my first shot dry. He is being kind.
Mr. Baca asked me to bring my usual brand of coffee and makes a shot with it. It is not good. Lesson No. 1: coffee matters. Just because the bag says “fair trade” or “locally roasted” does not mean the highest-grade beans have been selected and put through meticulous roasting. We toss my $13-a-pound coffee in the trash. Then Mr. Baca provides a math lesson.
The essence of good espresso, of good coffee in general, revolves around three numbers: the amount of quality dry coffee used, the amount of time water flows through it and the amount of coffee that comes out the other end. When the ratio is right, the process extracts the best flavor. If it is wrong, the good flavor never surfaces or is watered down. A mistake in seconds or grams, I am coming to learn, is the difference between something wonderful and awful.
Mr. Baca explains that you have to experiment to find just the right balance of these three elements for each coffee machine and coffee grind, and then replicate them. He has tested the machinery at Sightglass and determined that we want to use 17 grams of high-end coffee and run water for 25 seconds to yield about 30 grams of coffee.
Again, this seems simple, given that the grinder is preset to deliver the grams I want, and I can verify using the scale. All I have to do is press buttons. My first shot tastes foul. But Mr. Baca calls my second “bright and snappy.”
He shows me how to paint with steamed milk: hold the decanter six inches from the cup, pour a medium-sized stream at a constant rate and when the cup is half filled, lower the decanter close to the cup. When the cup is nearly full, wriggle your hand quickly to create a shape that will make the foam blossom out. Finish with a flourish by drawing a bit of milk through the middle of the design. After a few tries, I’m able to make something that looks like a pine tree, though I was aiming for a heart.
Great, I am improving. But this is impractical. I buy my coffee preground. I don’t own a scale.
“A $10 scale is the best investment you can make for your coffee game,” Mr. Baca says. And because coffee density and brewing time are so significant, he says, a grinder is not far behind. Some experts say grinding your beans fresh is the most important priority.
Reality check: I’m trying to make it through chaotic mornings at home with a clamoring family. Mr. O’Donovan is amused. Why, he asks, would I make espresso in the morning, let alone latte?
“I make drip coffee,” Mr. O’Donovan explains. Mr. Baca does, too. That’s because making a good espresso requires preparation and cleanup. Even when it all goes right, it takes time. Like making a good meal.
“Coffee isn’t just coffee,” Mr. O’Donovan says.
It’s “just like anything else,” Mr. Baca chimes in.
I instantly take his meaning: Coffee — what I assumed was just a simple, necessary thing to start my day — is something more than that. It may not require certification but it does require more attention than I realized.
With my cram session at an end, Mr. O’Donovan leaves me with a laugh and a warning: “You’re heading down the rabbit hole.”
In the ensuing days, I start using the timer on the microwave to make sure I’m pulling my espresso shots for 25 seconds. I troll the Internet for counsel on what might be a next-step espresso maker. But even with my old gear and a bit of leftover coffee from Sightglass, my shots have gotten discernibly better, and occasionally good.
I place an order for coffee from Verve. When two different roasts arrive and I make a show of my excitement, my wife rolls her eyes. She challenges whether I can even tell the difference between the new coffee and two other blends I used to swear by. So we do a blind smell test.
I nail it. My wife seems surprised; who is this new discerning creature? Just getting started, I tell her. Wait until you see what we can do with milk.

 

盡情享受咖啡吧


聲明:據我所知,我沒有在星巴克(Starbucks)、也沒有在其他任何銷售咖啡或相關設施的公司持有股票。我上篇寫咖啡(美國最流行的飲料)的文章是在四年前,最近的、也是迄今為止規模最大的研究佐證了此前我所做出的咖啡會讓人在健康方面受益的評價。

最近的這項調查,是對超過40萬人進行了長達14年的觀察性研究,雖然仍沒有證明咖啡與健康之間的因果關係,但是這項研究結果與近來其他大規模研究的結果是一致的。
研究結果被廣泛報道,而其中最核心的一點是:如果研究數據中考慮到吸煙和其他已知的影響健康和壽命的諸多因素,那麼喝咖啡的人就比不喝咖啡的人更長壽。此外,在一定程度內,每天喝的咖啡越多,就越益壽。
研究觀察發現,喝咖啡的益處不算太大——喝咖啡的人比不喝咖啡的人,死亡率低10%至15%。但這個結果肯定令人欣慰,考慮到有許多美國人喝咖啡,咖啡可能會影響到為數眾多的人們的生活。

最新證據
在過去幾十年中,專家們一再警告說,經常喝咖啡可能會損害健康,縮短生命。的確,最新的研究發現,如果研究數據中只考慮到年齡,那麼喝咖啡的人的死亡風險更高。

但是,如果研究人員考慮到參與者的其他與健康相關的特性,比如吸煙、飲酒、食肉、體力活動和體重指數,那麼經常喝咖啡的人則更長壽。

美國國家癌症研究所(National Cancer Institute)的流行病學家尼爾·弗里德曼(Neal Freedman)是這項研究的負責人,他說:“喝咖啡的人大可不必擔心,他們的健康風險基本等同於不喝咖啡的人。”

在這項研究開始時參與者身體都較為健康,但喝咖啡的人,比不喝咖啡的人更不可能死於心臟疾病、呼吸系統疾病、中風、糖尿病、感染、外傷和意外事故。

美國衛生研究院-美國退休者協會(NIH-AAPR)合作進行了這項飲食和健康研究,分析了來自402260位成年人參與者的數據,《新英格蘭醫學 雜誌》(The New England Journal of Medicine)在今年5月發表了研究報告。研究始於1995年,參與者的年齡介於50至71歲之間,並且都沒有患心臟疾病、癌症或中風。到了2008 年,其中52515位參與者已經去世。弗里德曼博士和他的合作者分析了參與者的死因與其在研究開始時自訴的喝咖啡量之間的關係。
如果參與者每天喝咖啡的量控制在四到五杯以內,喝咖啡越多,死亡風險越低。每天喝六杯或更多咖啡的參與者,其死亡風險略高於每天喝四或五杯咖啡的參與者,但其死亡風險仍然低於不喝咖啡的人。

按照研究開始時(1995年)的習慣,研究人員將一杯咖啡的量定在是8到10盎司之間(227克到283克)。弗里德曼博士說,現在常用的咖啡杯可比那時的杯子大多了。喝幾杯超大杯咖啡,可能引起煩躁、易怒、失眠和焦慮(估計喝幾杯,我不用乘飛機就能飛起來了)。

與以前的觀念相反,飲用常規量的咖啡,可以不考慮咖啡的利尿作用,而是直接計算成等量的水。在每天六杯的範圍內,飲用咖啡的量可計入每天的推薦液體攝入量。

對健康的影響
咖啡是複雜的物質,其中包含的1000多種化合物都有可能會影響健康。其中所含的咖啡因是一種興奮劑,是研究得最多、最受追捧的。不同咖啡飲料中咖啡因的含量可以相差很大,一杯濃咖啡含大約70毫克的咖啡因,而一杯8盎司的滴濾咖啡含大約100毫克的咖啡因。

即使是同種咖啡飲料,咖啡因的含量也變化很大。俄勒岡州立大學(Oregon State University)的簡·V·希格頓(Jane V. Higdon)和巴爾茲·弗雷(Balz Frei)在《食品科學與營養評論》(Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition)發表的論文中報告稱,研究人員分別在六天從同一家咖啡店購買同種類型的咖啡,結果一杯8盎司咖啡的咖啡因含量從130毫克至282毫 克不等。
咖啡因並不是咖啡中唯一與健康有關的化合物。在這項新研究中,參與者無論是主要喝含咖啡因的咖啡,還是喝低因咖啡,其死亡率基本上沒有差異。研究人員指出,咖啡中的其他物質如抗氧化劑和多酚類物質,可能也起到了有益健康的作用。

人們一直擔心用於從咖啡中去除咖啡因的化學品可能會給健康造成危害,這項研究結果應該能打消人們的顧慮。正是因為擔心這些化學品的影響,許多咖啡製造商改用瑞士水洗法來去除咖啡因。

但是,沖泡咖啡的方式不同,對健康的影響則會有所不同。眾所周知,咖啡豆中含有兩種重要的化學物質——咖啡醇(cafestol)和咖啡豆醇 (kahweol),它們能提高血液中膽固醇的含量,尤其是對動脈有害的低密度脂蛋白(LDL)膽固醇。用濾紙滴漏做出的咖啡能濾除這兩種化學物質,但是 用蒸汽加壓咖啡機、法式壓濾壺、以及滴濾壺做出來的咖啡中仍然存在這兩種化學物質。單份式咖啡機會內置濾紙,例如Keurig品牌的咖啡機。

儘管咖啡可導致血壓暫時上升,但是與以前的研究結果一致,這項新研究發現健康的參與者,如果常常喝咖啡的話,他們患心臟病的風險相對較低。最近的研 究揭示了咖啡的其它益處,包括降低罹患Ⅱ型糖尿病、肝臟疾病和帕金森氏症的風險。一些研究還發現喝咖啡的人,患抑鬱症、痴呆症和阿爾茨海默病的風險較低。

從事劇烈體力活動的人也能從喝咖啡中受益,但前提是他們喝的咖啡中必須含有咖啡因,這是因為咖啡因有助於肌肉使用脂肪酸作為能量,並且可以減弱腺苷的影響,從而使得肌肉疲勞的時間延後。同時,運動後的酸痛可以得到減輕,恢復元氣的時間也可以縮短。

孕婦喝咖啡是否有風險,目前仍然存在爭議。在每天的咖啡因攝入量少於300毫克的程度內,孕婦喝咖啡和流產之間的因果關係尚未得到證明,但一些研究發現,如果孕婦每天的咖啡因攝入量超過150毫克,那麼生下低體重嬰兒的風險就會增加。

另外,請記住咖啡因是一種藥物。有些藥物,包括泰胃美(Tagamet)、大扶康(Diflucan)、蘭釋(Luvox)、脈序律 (Mexitil),還有雌激素和抗生素,如環丙沙星(Cipro)和左氧氟沙星(Levaquin),能夠干擾咖啡因的代謝,增強咖啡因的效用。

在其他情況下,咖啡因可增強某些藥物的藥效,如阿司匹林和對乙酰氨基酚(acetaminophen),從而有利於緩解疼痛。但是咖啡因如果與規定劑量的抗精神病藥物氯氮平(clozapine)同時服用,就可能是有毒的。
翻譯:康潔




Having Your Coffee and Enjoying It Too

饮食

尽情享受咖啡吧

A disclaimer: I do not own stock in Starbucks nor, to my knowledge, in any other company that sells coffee or its accouterments. I last wrote about America's most popular beverage four years ago, and the latest and largest study to date supports that earlier assessment of coffee's health effects.
声明:据我所知,我没有在星巴克(Starbucks)、也没有在其他任何销售咖啡或相关设施的公司持有股票。我上篇写咖啡(美国最流行的饮料)的文章是在四年前,最近的、也是迄今为止规模最大的研究佐证了此前我所做出的咖啡会让人在健康方面受益的评价。
Although the new research, which involved more than 400,000 people in a 14-year observational study, still cannot prove cause and effect, the findings are consistent with other recent large studies.
最近的这项调查,是对超过40万人进行了长达14年的观察性研究,虽然仍没有证明咖啡与健康之间的因果关系,但是这项研究结果与近来其他大规模研究的结果是一致的。
The findings were widely reported, but here's the bottom line: When smoking and many other factors known to influence health and longevity were taken into account, coffee drinkers in the study were found to be living somewhat longer than abstainers. Further, the more coffee consumed each day - up to a point, at least - the greater the benefit to longevity.
研究结果被广泛报道,而其中最核心的一点是:如果研究数据中考虑到吸烟和其他已知的影响健康和寿命的诸多因素,那么喝咖啡的人就比不喝咖啡的人更长寿。此外,在一定程度内,每天喝的咖啡越多,就越益寿。
The observed benefit of coffee drinking was not enormous - a death rate among coffee drinkers that was 10 percent to 15 percent lower than among abstainers. But the findings are certainly reassuring, and given how many Americans drink coffee, the numbers of lives affected may be quite large.
研究观察发现,喝咖啡的益处不算太大——喝咖啡的人比不喝咖啡的人,死亡率低10%至15%。但这个结果肯定令人欣慰,考虑到有许多美国人喝咖啡,咖啡可能会影响到为数众多的人们的生活。
Updating the Evidence
最新证据
In decades past, experts repeatedly warned that a coffee habit could harm health and shorten lives. And, indeed, the new study did find that when the data were adjusted only for age, the risk of death was greater among coffee drinkers.
在过去几十年中,专家们一再警告说,经常喝咖啡可能会损害健康,缩短生命。的确,最新的研究发现,如果研究数据中只考虑到年龄,那么喝咖啡的人的死亡风险更高。
But when the researchers took into account other health-related characteristics among the participants, like smoking, alcohol use, meat consumption, physical activity and body mass index, those who regularly drank coffee lived longer.
但是,如果研究人员考虑到参与者的其他与健康相关的特性,比如吸烟、饮酒、食肉、体力活动和体重指数,那么经常喝咖啡的人则更长寿。
"Coffee drinkers shouldn't be worried," said Neal Freedman, an epidemiologist at the National Cancer Institute who directed the study. "Their risk is quite similar to that of nondrinkers."
美国国家癌症研究所(National Cancer Institute)的流行病学家尼尔·弗里德曼(Neal Freedman)是这项研究的负责人,他说:“喝咖啡的人大可不必担心,他们的健康风险基本等同于不喝咖啡的人。”
Coffee drinkers who were relatively healthy when the study began were less likely than nondrinkers to die of heart disease, respiratory disease, stroke, diabetes, infections, injuries and accidents.
在这项研究开始时参与者身体都较为健康,但喝咖啡的人,比不喝咖啡的人更不可能死于心脏疾病、呼吸系统疾病、中风、糖尿病、感染、外伤和意外事故。
The study, published in May in The New England Journal of Medicine, examined data on 402,260 adults in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study. They were ages 50 to 71 and free of heart disease, cancer and stroke when the study began in 1995. By 2008, 52,515 had died. Dr. Freedman and his co-authors examined why they died in relation to how much coffee they said they drank when the study began.
美国卫生研究院-美国退休者协会(NIH-AAPR)合作进行了这项饮 食和健康研究,分析了来自402260位成年人参与者的数据,《新英格兰医学杂志》(The New England Journal of Medicine)在今年5月发表了研究报告。研究始于1995年,参与者的年龄介于50至71岁之间,并且都没有患心脏疾病、癌症或中风。到了2008 年,其中52515位参与者已经去世。弗里德曼博士和他的合作者分析了参与者的死因与其在研究开始时自诉的喝咖啡量之间的关系。
The risk of death gradually dropped as the number of cups the participants drank increased to four or five. At six cups or more each day, there was a slight rise in death risk, compared with that at four or five cups. But the chances of death remained lower than among people who drank no coffee.
如果参与者每天喝咖啡的量控制在四到五杯以内,喝咖啡越多,死亡风险越低。每天喝六杯或更多咖啡的参与者,其死亡风险略高于每天喝四或五杯咖啡的参与者,但其死亡风险仍然低于不喝咖啡的人。
Reflecting practices of the mid-1990s, the researchers considered a cup of coffee to be 8 to 10 ounces. The gargantuan cups now often served would count as more than one cup, Dr. Freedman said. Several of these extra-large cups can cause restlessness, irritability, sleeplessness and anxiety (and might enable me to fly without an airplane).
按照研究开始时(1995年)的习惯,研究人员将一杯咖啡的量定在是8到10盎司之间(227克到283克)。弗里德曼博士说,现在常用的咖啡杯可比那时的杯子大多了。喝几杯超大杯咖啡,可能引起烦躁、易怒、失眠和焦虑(估计喝几杯,我不用乘飞机就能飞起来了)。
Contrary to previous belief, at usual levels of consumption, coffee is not any more of a diuretic than the equivalent amount of water. Up to six cups a day can be counted toward one's recommended liquid intake.
与以前的观念相反,饮用常规量的咖啡,可以不考虑咖啡的利尿作用,而是直接计算成等量的水。在每天六杯的范围内,饮用咖啡的量可计入每天的推荐液体摄入量。
Effects on Health
对健康的影响
Coffee is a complex substance that contains more than 1,000 compounds that may affect health. Caffeine, a stimulant, is the most studied and sought after. The amounts in coffee can vary greatly, from about 70 milligrams in a shot of espresso to about 100 milligrams in eight ounces of brewed coffee.
咖啡是复杂的物质,其中包含的1000多种化合物都有可能会影响健康。其中所含的咖啡因是一种兴奋剂,是研究得最多、最受追捧的。不同咖啡饮料中咖啡因的含量可以相差很大,一杯浓咖啡含大约70毫克的咖啡因,而一杯8盎司的滴滤咖啡含大约100毫克的咖啡因。
But there can be wide variability in caffeine levels, even in similar beverages. As Jane V. Higdon and Balz Frei of Oregon State University reported in Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, when the same type of coffee was purchased from the same store on six different days, the caffeine content varied from 130 milligrams to 282 milligrams in an eight-ounce cup.
即使是同种咖啡饮料,咖啡因的含量也变化很大。俄勒冈州立大学 (Oregon State University)的简·V·希格顿(Jane V. Higdon)和巴尔兹·弗雷(Balz Frei)在《食品科学与营养评论》(Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition)发表的论文中报告称,研究人员分别在六天从同一家咖啡店购买同种类型的咖啡,结果一杯8盎司咖啡的咖啡因含量从130毫克至282毫 克不等。
Nor is caffeine is the only compound in coffee important to health. In the new study, little or no difference was found in death rates among those who drank predominantly caffeinated coffee or decaffeinated coffee. Other substances - like antioxidants and polyphenols - probably also play a health-related role, the researchers noted.
咖啡因并不是咖啡中唯一与健康有关的化合物。在这项新研究中,参与者无论是主要喝含咖啡因的咖啡,还是喝低因咖啡,其死亡率基本上没有差异。研究人员指出,咖啡中的其他物质如抗氧化剂和多酚类物质,可能也起到了有益健康的作用。
Their findings should reassure people concerned about possible harm from substances long used to remove caffeine from coffee. Fear of these chemicals prompted many manufacturers to switch to the Swiss water method for removing caffeine.
人们一直担心用于从咖啡中去除咖啡因的化学品可能会给健康造成危害,这项研究结果应该能打消人们的顾虑。正是因为担心这些化学品的影响,许多咖啡制造商改用瑞士水洗法来去除咖啡因。
But how coffee is brewed can make a health difference. Two prominent chemicals in coffee beans, cafestol and kahweol, are known to raise blood levels of cholesterol and especially artery-damaging LDL cholesterol. These substances are removed when coffee is prepared through a filter, but remain in espresso, French press and boiled coffee. Single-serving coffee pods, like those used in a Keurig, contain filters.
但是,冲泡咖啡的方式不同,对健康的影响则会有所不同。众所周知,咖啡 豆中含有两种重要的化学物质——咖啡醇(cafestol)和咖啡豆醇(kahweol),它们能提高血液中胆固醇的含量,尤其是对动脉有害的低密度脂蛋 白(LDL)胆固醇。用滤纸滴漏做出的咖啡能滤除这两种化学物质,但是用蒸汽加压咖啡机、法式压滤壶、以及滴滤壶做出来的咖啡中仍然存在这两种化学物质。 单份式咖啡机会内置滤纸,例如Keurig品牌的咖啡机。
Even though coffee can cause a temporary rise in blood pressure, the new study, like those before it, found the risk of heart disease to be lower among otherwise healthy coffee drinkers. Other benefits suggested by recent studies include a reduced risk of Type 2 diabetes, liver disease and Parkinson's disease. Some research has found a reduced risk of depression, dementia and Alzheimer's disease among coffee drinkers.
尽管咖啡可导致血压暂时上升,但是与以前的研究结果一致,这项新研究发 现健康的参与者,如果常常喝咖啡的话,他们患心脏病的风险相对较低。最近的研究揭示了咖啡的其它益处,包括降低罹患Ⅱ型糖尿病、肝脏疾病和帕金森氏症的风 险。一些研究还发现喝咖啡的人,患抑郁症、痴呆症和阿尔茨海默病的风险较低。
People who engage in strenuous physical activities can also benefit, but only if their coffee contains caffeine, which helps muscles use fatty acids for energy and blunts the effect of adenosine, extending the time before muscles fatigue. Post-exercise soreness is also reduced and recovery time shortened.
从事剧烈体力活动的人也能从喝咖啡中受益,但前提是他们喝的咖啡中必须含有咖啡因,这是因为咖啡因有助于肌肉使用脂肪酸作为能量,并且可以减弱腺苷的影响,从而使得肌肉疲劳的时间延后。同时,运动后的酸痛可以得到减轻,恢复元气的时间也可以缩短。
Whether coffee poses a risk to pregnant women remains controversial. A causal relationship between coffee consumption and miscarriage has not been demonstrated at caffeine intakes of less than 300 milligrams a day, but some studies have found increased risk of low birth weight associated with consuming more than 150 milligrams a day.
孕妇喝咖啡是否有风险,目前仍然存在争议。在每天的咖啡因摄入量少于300毫克的程度内,孕妇喝咖啡和流产之间的因果关系尚未得到证明,但一些研究发现,如果孕妇每天的咖啡因摄入量超过150毫克,那么生下低体重婴儿的风险就会增加。
Keep in mind, too, that caffeine is a drug. Some medications, including Tagamet, Diflucan, Luvox, Mexitil, estrogens and antibiotics like Cipro and Levaquin, interfere with the metabolism of caffeine and can increase its effects.
另外,请记住咖啡因是一种药物。有些药物,包括泰胃美 (Tagamet)、大扶康(Diflucan)、兰释(Luvox)、脉序律(Mexitil),还有雌激素和抗生素,如环丙沙星(Cipro)和左氧 氟沙星(Levaquin),能够干扰咖啡因的代谢,增强咖啡因的效用。
In other cases, caffeine can enhance the effect of drugs like aspirin and acetaminophen (a benefit for pain relief). Caffeine can be toxic if used with prescribed doses of the antipsychotic medication clozapine.
在其他情况下,咖啡因可增强某些药物的药效,如阿司匹林和对乙酰氨基酚(acetaminophen),从而有利于缓解疼痛。但是咖啡因如果与规定剂量的抗精神病药物氯氮平(clozapine)同时服用,就可能是有毒的。
翻译:康洁

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